Alluvial sinkholes over gypsum in the Ebro basin ( Spain ) : genesis and environmental impact
نویسنده
چکیده
The Ebro Basin is located in the northeast of Spain. Its central part is filled with gypsum and carbonate deposits of Neogene age. Quaternary sediments overlie the Tertiary layers. Alluvial sinkholes have developed in this region, causing high economic losses. From the study of aerial photographs, from the compilation of historical cases of collapse and from data on the lithological characteristics of the Quaternary and Tertiary deposits (their structure, morphology, hydrological characteristics, etc.), natural and human factors in sinkhole development have been evaluated. Among the natural variables that may be considered are the lithology of the Tertiary deposits, the thickness and geomechanical behaviour of the Quaternary cover, the morphology of the contact between the Tertiary and Quaternary deposits, fracturing, content of sulphates in groundwater and the depth and seasonal variations of the groundwater level. The irrigation techniques of farmers and the presence of irrigation canals increase the level of the groundwater. Pumping activities may also be important locally. Dolines alluviales générées par les gypes de la dépression de PEbre (Espagne): facteurs génériques et impact sur l'environnement Résumé La dépression de l'Ebre est localisée dans le nordest de l'Espagne. Pendant le Miocène sa partie centrale a été remplie par des gypses et des carbonates. Des sédiments quaternaires recouvrent les gypses. Des dolines alluviales se sont développées, produisant d'importantes pertes économiques. A partir de l'étude de photographies aériennes, de la compilation de cas historiques et de données sur les caractéristiques lithologiques, structurales, morphologiques, hydrologiques, etc, nous avons déterminé les principaux facteurs (naturels et humains) qui sont à l'origine de la formation des dolines. Les facteurs naturels sont: la lithologie du Tertiaire, l'épaisseur et le comportement géomécanique de la couverture quaternaire, la morphologie du contact entre les dépôts tertiaire et quaternaire, la fracturation, le contenu en sulfates des eaux souterraines et la profondeur et les variations saisonnières du niveau de ces eaux. Les techniques d'irrigation des agriculteurs et l'existence de canaux d'irrigation provoquent une remontée du niveau des eaux souterraines. Le pompage de l'eau peut également être important dans certaines zones. "Paper presented at the Fourth International Symposium on Land Subsidence, held at Houston, Texas, 12 17 May 1991. Open for discussion until 1 December 1994 258 M. A. Soriano et al.
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